MDP <马尔科夫决策过程>

Markov Decision Process

A Markov Decision Process (MDP) is defined by:

• A set of states, 𝑠 ∈ 𝒮
• A set of actions, 𝑎 ∈ 𝒜

• A transition model, 𝑃(𝑆_t+1 = 𝑠_t+1|𝑆_t = 𝑠_t, 𝑎_t)

  • 𝑆_t is the state at time t
  • 𝑎_t is the action taken at time t (not random)

• A reward function, 𝑟(𝑠)

Solving an MDP: The Policy

• Since 𝑃(𝑆_t+1 = 𝑠_t+1|𝑆_t = 𝑠_t, 𝑎_t) and 𝑟(𝑠) depend only on the state (the model is Markov), a complete solution can be expressed as follows:
• What is the best action to take in any given state?
• A policy , 𝑎 = 𝜋(𝑠), is a function telling you, for any state 𝑠, what is the best action to take in that state.

Utility

The utility of a state, 𝑢(𝑠), is defined to be:

• the sum of all current and future rewards that can be achieved if we start in state 𝑠, if we choose the best possible sequence of actions, and if we average over all possible results of those actions.

• The utility of a state, u(s), is the maximum, over all possible sequences of actions, of the expected value, over all possible results of those actions, of the total of all future rewards.